Wednesday, November 26, 2014

Mekanisme Operasional Hawala Remittance System

Informal value transfer system seperti hawala ini beroperasi dengan cara mentransfer sejumlah dana dari suatu lokasi ke lokasi lainnya tanpa pernah terjadi proses perpindahan/pergerakan dana (Charles B. Bowers, 2009 : 379), artinya dana tersebut tidak benarbenar di transfer atau bergerak dari lokasi semula dilakukannya proses pengiriman dana tersebut, dimana defenisi ini juga sukses digunakan untuk menggambarkan kegiatan money laundering yang melibatkan hawala (Patrick M. Jost dan Harjit Singh Sandhu, 2000 : 5).

Sementara itu, Matteo Vaccani mengatakan bahwa mekanisme dasar dari cara kerja informal Alternative Remittance System didasarkan pada dua hubungan. Pertama, hubungan antara klien dengan operator masing-masing, dan yang kedua adalah hubungan antara operatoroperator tersebut. Dia menjelaskan bahwa:


Once a client at one end of the system pays the sum to be transferred plus an agreed fee to the provider (which can be part of the exchange rate gain), the provider contacts his counterpart in a designated country, who then pays the recipient. Both operators will need to have a sufficient amount of funds ready at their disposal, and enough trust in each other to conduct the transaction (that is, the disbursement to the identified recipient) and enter the settlement phase. The settlement can be conducted through different ways, based upon the operators’ needs and the circumstances surrounding the transaction (Matteo Vaccani, 2010 : 3).

Ada beberapa alasan mengapa seseorang menggunakan sistem hawala dalam melakukan pengiriman uang, dalam laporan yang diterbitkan oleh Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) yang berkerjasama dengan Interpol terdapat sedikitnya enam alasan mengapa seseorang menggunakan sistem pengiriman uang hawala ini, yaitu: Cost effectiveness, Efficiency, Reliability, The lack of bureaucracy, The lack of a paper trail, dan tax evasion (Patrick M. Jost dan Harjit Singh Sandhu, 2000 : 9).

Referensi:
  1. Charles B. Bowers. 2009. Hawala, Money Laundering, and Terrorism Finance: Micro-Lending as an End to Illicit Remittance. DENV. J. INT’L L. & POL’Y. Volume 37.
  2. Matteo Vaccani. 2010. Alternative Remittance Systems and Terrorism Financing: Issues in Risk Management. World Bank Working Papers N. 180.
  3. Patrick M. Jost dan Harjit Singh Sandhu. 2000. The Hawala Alternative Remittance System and its Role in Money Laundering. Prepared by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network in cooperation with INTERPOL/FOPAC.

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